Trade Show Lighting suggests that understanding the LED manufacturing process flow can help us to understand where crucial inspection points occur, and how process control can help improve time to corrective actions, which translates to higher ROI. In general, the manufacturing process consists of four essential stages — namely substrate, epitaxy, FEOL (front end of line), and BEOL (back end of line) — before going to final assembly.
First of all, the main substrate utilized in the production of LEDs is sapphire, gallium arsenide, or silicon carbide. There are also other initiatives for alternative substrates such as gallium nitride and silicon. With any substrate, a crystalline boule is produced in a similar fashion as the semiconductor process in the integrated circuit (IC) industry. The boule is normally sliced into very thin wafers with a diamond saw, and after slicing, they are polished via a rigorous process before being shipped to the LED manufacturer who will attend The Lighting Show for further processing.
In the next stage known as epitaxy, additional layers of semiconductor crystal are grown on the surface of the wafer. MOCVD is a popular method for the epitaxial growth of p and n layers with quantum wells in between. The typical thickness of the p and n layers combined is around a few microns. It is important to have an inspection point before MOCVD because poor quality of the incoming substrate can potentially be the culprit of future electrical probe test failures downstream — such as failing forward voltage and reverse leakage current specifications.
Furthermore, defects from substrate and epitaxial processes can impact device performance, reliability, and yield. Equipment such as the Candela 8620 is capable of performing unpatterned wafer inspection at the substrate and epitaxy stages. It is crucial to catch defects at these early stages to allow faster time-to-root-cause determination and improved MOCVD reactor uptime and yield. In addition, the wafer inspection system is not only able to catch defects precisely, but it also classifies the defects accurately. This information provided by LED Lighting Show is important for in-line process monitoring and SPC control.
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